Michigan and the St. Valentine's Day Massacre - Michiganology (2024)

Prisoner data sheet for Fred Dane from the State House of Correction and Branch Prison in Marquette, Michigan. Includes 5 fingerprint samples.

Frances Heldt, Archives Student Assistant

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  • Discoveries in the Archives

The St. Valentine’s Day Massacre is a particularly bloody chapter in organized crime history. On Valentine’s Day 1929, Thompson submaching guns shot and murdered seven men from Chicago’s North Side Gang, headed by George Clarence “Bugs” Moran. Though the perpetrators of the massacre officially remain unidentified, many believe that members of Al Capone’s South Side Gang are the culprits. One man in particular suspiciously fled the scene to St. Joseph, Michigan, with violent consequences.

A Local Murder

Some ten months after the massacre, St. Joseph Officer Charles Skelly intervened in a skirmish involving a drunk driver hitting another car. After Skelly ordered the participants to the police station, the drunk man jumped into his car and sped away. Officer Skelly immediately gave chase, hopping onto another car’s running board. After catching up, Skelly leaped onto the running board of the fleeing car. The driver picked up a revolver and shot three bullets into Skelly’s torso, knocking him to the ground. He died in the hospital later that night. Charles Skelly is the only St. Joseph police officer to have been killed in the line of duty.

Registration papers in the shooter’s later discarded car identified Fred Dane as the owner. Officers found a treasure trove of incriminating evidence in a raid of Dane’s abandoned house: rifles, ammunition, bulletproof vests and hundreds of thousands of dollars in stolen bonds. Fingerprint analysis identified that Fred Dane was actually Fred Burke, a notorious robber and gunman, close associate of Al Capone and major suspect in the St. Valentine’s Day shootings.

A Career Criminal

Fred Burke made a career out of being a criminal. Born in Kansas and active for many years in St. Louis, Missouri, with a gang called Egan’s Rats, Burke quickly moved up the ranks of organized crime. He eventually caught the attention of Al Capone, who hired him in the 1920s. His crimes spanned multiple states, including Michigan, and he left a slew of robberies and murders in his wake.

Burke’s criminal record and his close association with Capone made him one of the likely gunmen who murdered Moran’s men. After his purported involvement with the massacre, Burke fled across the lake to St. Joseph where he established a life under the alias Fred Dane, one of the many he used throughout his career. It was during one drunken night that he shot and killed Officer Skelly.

The Capture

After being forced to flee once again, police finally apprehended Burke almost a year later at a farm in Missouri, where he was living under the name Richard Franklin White. Chicago and Michigan officials volleyed for the right to claim Burke; Chicago for the massacre and Michigan for the murder of Skelly. The governor of Missouri determined that Michigan had the more solid claim and Burke was extradited to Michigan to be tried.

The St. Joseph murder was not Fred Burke’s first run-in with the Michigan law. He served a one-year stint in Jackson Prison (then the State Prison of Southern Michigan) in 1919, when he was 25 years old. The Detroit Recorder’s Court convicted and sentenced for the offense of “obtaining money under false pretenses.” This time he would not get off so lightly. The Berrien County Circuit Court sentenced Burke to life in prison for second degree murder on April 27, 1931. Records indicate that he arrived at the state prison in Marquette the next day, registered under the name Fred Dane.

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“The Most Dangerous Man in America”

The celebrity surrounding the outlaw and the sensationalism of the case made it regular front-page news for over a month in Benton Harbor’s The News-Palladium (now The Herald-Palladium). The newspaper treated readers to detailed coverage of Burke’s actions, from his capture in Missouri to his first days in Marquette Prison. Daily reports particularly enjoyed graphic depictions of Burke’s many crimes. The coverage cultivated Berrien County’s clear sense of pride in harboring the famous fugitive. The newspaper often deemed him “the most dangerous man in America.”

Burke remained at Marquette until he died of a heart attack on July 10, 1940, at the age of 47. He never admitted to an involvement in the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre and the case remains unsolved to this day.

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Research Correction Records

at the Archives of Michigan

Corrections records dating from the mid-19th through late 20th centuries, including Fred Burke's prisoner registry and those of others who served time at the state prisons in Marquette, Jackson, and Ionia, are available for research at the Archives of Michigan. Visit the Archives of Michigan at the Michigan History Center in Lansing to conduct your own research.

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Michigan and the St. Valentine's Day Massacre - Michiganology (2024)

FAQs

What was the significance of the St Valentine's Day Massacre? ›

St. Valentine's Day Massacre, mass murder of a group of unarmed bootlegging gang members in Chicago on February 14, 1929. The bloody incident dramatized the intense rivalry for control of the illegal liquor traffic during the Prohibition era in the United States.

What is the current status of the St Valentine's Day Massacre? ›

Officially, the St. Valentine's Day Massacre is an unsolved crime. The Chicago police were never able to identify the perpetrators and no one ever confessed.

Where is the location of the St Valentine's Day Massacre? ›

At 10:30 in the morning on Saint Valentine's Day, Thursday, February 14, 1929, seven men were murdered at the garage at 2122 North Clark Street, in the Lincoln Park neighborhood of Chicago's North Side.

What was the St Valentine's Day Massacre history com? ›

Four men dressed as police officers enter gangster Bugs Moran's headquarters on North Clark Street in Chicago, line seven of Moran's henchmen against a wall, and shoot them to death. The St. Valentine's Day Massacre, as it is now called, was the culmination of a gang war between arch rivals Al Capone and Bugs Moran.

What is the truth behind Valentine's day? ›

Turns out, it was a pretty common name during Late Antiquity. As far as anyone can tell, the Saint Valentine of Valentine's Day was one of two guys preaching the good word in Rome in the third century. One of these two was martyred on February 14th 269, thus giving us the date for his eponymous day.

What was the aftermath of the St Valentine's day massacre? ›

Aftermath. The massacre marked the beginning of an end to Moran's power. However, with the gang members he had left, Moran managed to keep control of his territory until the early 1930s. The event also brought the belated and full attention of the federal government to Capone and his criminal activities.

What is the true story of St. Valentine? ›

Saint Valentine was a clergyman – either a priest or a bishop – in the Roman Empire who ministered to persecuted Christians. He was martyred and his body buried on the Via Flaminia on February 14, which has been observed as the Feast of Saint Valentine (Saint Valentine's Day) since at least the eighth century.

What is the origin of St. Valentine's day? ›

Valentine's Day did not come to be celebrated as a day of romance until about the 14th century. Although there were several Christian martyrs named Valentine, the day may have taken its name from a priest who was martyred about 270 ce by the emperor Claudius II Gothicus.

Why is Saint Valentine the saint of love? ›

Valentine, it seems, was a martyr for upholding the importance of love and marriage. "He literally gave his life to achieve this purpose," McKay said. The bones of St. Valentine were sent to Ireland in 1836, a gift from Pope Gregory to a Carmelite priest in Dublin, McKay said.

Who ordered the St. Valentine's day massacre? ›

Although he was never prosecuted for the crime, it is widely believed that Al Capone was behind the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.

What major invention was patented on Valentine's day? ›

On a day steeped in tradition, where roses and heart-shaped candies are the norm, Valentine's Day also marks the anniversary of a revolution in communication—the patenting of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.

Who was the blonde alibi? ›

McGurn is associated with planning the St. Valentine's Day Massacre, in 1929, though this association has not been proven. Although police charged McGurn in the case, he was never brought to trial largely due to his "blonde alibi" — girlfriend and later wife Louise Rolfe — who claimed they spent the whole day together.

Why did the St. Valentine's day massacre happen? ›

Valentine's Day Massacre. He names Burke and four other men. Bolton says he was a lookout on the job. He says Capone ordered the hit in order to kill Bugs Moran.

What is the dark history of St Valentine's day? ›

One Valentine was a priest in third-century Rome who defied Emperor Claudius II after the ruler outlawed marriage for young men. St. Valentine would perform marriages in secret for young lovers, ultimately leading to his death.

Who is the most notorious gangster in Chicago, Illinois? ›

Chicago's most infamous Prohibition-era crime boss, Al Capone is best known for his violence and ruthlessness in his elimination of his rivals.

Why was the St Valentine day Massacre a significant event quizlet? ›

The St. Valentine's Day Massacre became a national media event immortalizing Capone as the most ruthless, feared, smartest and elegant of gangland bosses.

What is the history of Bloody Valentine? ›

Bloody Valentine is the story of the murder of a young woman called Lynette White in the Cardiff docklands on Valentine's Day 1988. It's also the story of the miscarriage of justice that came after, when three black men, 'the Cardiff Three', were wrongly convicted of her murder.

What is the All Saints day Massacre? ›

The All Saints' massacre (Spanish: Masacre de Todos Santos) is the name given to the violent crack-down against popular protests by the military coup regime of Alberto Natusch Busch that seized power on November 1 (All Saints' Day), 1979.

What is the origin of the Valentine's day celebration? ›

Valentine's Day did not come to be celebrated as a day of romance until about the 14th century. Although there were several Christian martyrs named Valentine, the day may have taken its name from a priest who was martyred about 270 ce by the emperor Claudius II Gothicus.

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